Fluorinated lubricants

ABSTRACT

Polymers of formula Q-O-[A-B]z-[A-B′]z-A-Q′  (I) wherein: A=-(X)a—O-A′-(X′)b— with A′=perfluoropolyether chain and X, X′=—CF2—, —CF2CF2—; a, b=0.1 with the proviso that a=1 if A is linked to Q-O—; b=0 when A is linked to Q′; B derives from homopolymerizable olefins by radical route, of formula: —[(CR1R2—CR3R4)j(CR5R6—CR7R8)j′]—  (Ia) wherein j is an integer from 1 to 30, j′ is an integer from 0 to 29 with the proviso that (j+j′) is higher than 2 and lower than 30; R1-R8 are halogen; H; C1-C6 (per)haloalkyl; C1-C6 alkyl; or C1-C6 oxy(per)fluoroalkyl; B′=B but at least one among R1-R8 has a meaning different from that in B; z, z′ are such that the number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is between 500 and 150,000; Q, Q′=C1-C3 (per)fluoroalkyl or functional end group —(CFW)-Dq-Tk; W=F, CF3; k and q are integers, k ranges from 1 to 4, q is an integer and is equal to 0 or 1; with the proviso that at least one of Q, Q′ is functional end group.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. national stage application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2007/063000 filed Nov. 29, 2007, which claims priority to Italian Application No. MI2006A002306 filed Nov. 30, 2006, these applications being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

The present invention relates to perfluoropolyether-based polymers having an improved combination of low wear, low evaporation losses and with an improved maintenance of these properties, and their use as lubricants.

In particular the present invention refers to polymers containing at least one functional end group, having alternated blocks -A-B-A-B-A- wherein blocks A derive from perfluoropolyether and blocks B derive from halogenated and/or hydrogenated olefins, said polymers having improved wear in combination with improved evaporation losses (low values) and improved maintenance of these properties.

The fluoropolyethers having functional end groups, as known, are used in various fields, for example as lubricants with improved surface adhesion properties or in the preparation of polymers by polycondensation or polyaddition reactions with improved properties at low temperatures. See for example C. Tonelli, P. Gavezotti, E. Strepparola, Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 95 (1999) 51-70. One example is represented by the lubrication of magnetic media.

The lubricants require a low wear and a good adhesion to the surface to be lubricated. The lubricants, oils or greases, based on perfluoropolyethers having perfluoroalkyl end groups, have a high thermal and chemical stability and a wide application range, in particular at low temperatures. However they have the disadvantage to show wear generally higher than those of the hydrogenated lubricants. Further, in these compounds, the wear increases as the molecular weight increases. The wear can be decreased by adding specific additives. However the conventional additives, as molybdenum sulphide, are not soluble in the perfluoropolyether oil, for example perfluoropolyether lubricants, as Fomblin® Z and M commercialized by Solvay Solexis.

Fluorinated additives, in particular containing perfluoropolyether chains, showing an improved compatibility and solubility in perfluoropolyether oils are also known. However these additives have the disadvantage to be easily lost due to their high evaporation, in particular in those applications wherein high vacuum and high temperatures are required.

Functionalized fluoropolyether lubricants commercialized by Solvay Solexis having improved antiwear and surface adhesion properties are also known. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,058, U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,795. These functionalized fluoropolyethers are used as lubricants as such, in applications for example in magnetic media (NMR) or, as said, as additives for non functionalized perfluoropolyethers. The drawback of the functionalized fluoropolyethers resides in suffering high evaporation loss. In general the molecular weights of commercial products generally range between 1,000 and 4,000.

Functionalized fluoropolyether lubricants having higher molecular weights up to about 8,000 are also known. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,145. However, in order to obtain these polymers with number average molecular weight higher than 4,000, particular techniques are required, as for example fractionations with supercritical CO₂. Another disadvantage of these products is that the yield decreases with the increase of molecular weight. Besides, these processes are extremely complex and very expensive.

The need was therefore felt to have available fluoropolyethers usable as lubricants having improved wear and substantially independent from their molecular weight, in combination with a low evaporation loss and with a longer maintenance of said properties and obtainable with a simple process in a wide range of molecular weights.

The Applicant has surprisingly and unexpectedly found specific fluoropolyether polymers capable to solve the above technical problem.

An object of the present invention are fluoropolyether polymers of formula (I) Q-O-[A-B]_(z)-[A-B′]_(z)-A-Q′  (I) wherein:

-   -   A=-(X)_(a)—O-A′-(X)_(b)—     -   wherein A′ is a perfluoropolyether chain comprising one or more         repeating units selected from (CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂O),         (CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF(CF₃)O), (CF(CF₃)CF₂O), (CF₂CF(CF₃)O), X,         X′, equal to or different from each other, are selected from         —CF₂—, —CF₂CF₂—, —CF(CF₃)—;     -   a, b, equal to or different from each other, are 0 or 1;     -   with the proviso that the block A linked to the end group Q-O—         has a=1 and the block A linked to the end group Q′ has b=0;     -   B is a block formed of units deriving from one or more olefins,         wherein at least one of them is homopolymerizable by radical         route, having formula:         —[(CR₁R₂—CR₃R₄)_(j)(CR₅R₆—CR₇R₈)_(j′)]—  (Ia)     -   wherein     -   j is an integer from 1 to 30, j′ is an integer from 0 to 29,         with the proviso that (j+j′) is higher than 2 and lower than 30;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, equal to or different from each         other, are selected from halogen, preferably F, Cl; H; C₁-C₆         (per)haloalkyl, wherein the halogen is preferably F, Cl; C₁-C₆         alkyl, optionally containing heteroatoms, as O, N, S; C₁-C₆         oxy(per)fluoroalkyl; said substituents R₁-R₈ optionally         containing one or more functional groups;     -   B′ is a block deriving from one or more olefins and has formula         (Ia) but having at least one of the substituents R₁ to R₈         different than in block B, (j+j′) being higher than or equal to         2 and lower than 30;     -   z is an integer higher than or equal to 2; z′ is 0 or an         integer; z, z′ are such that the number average molecular weight         of the polymer of formula (I) is in the range 500-150,000,         preferably 600-50,000, more preferably 800-40,000;     -   Q is a C₁-C₃ (per)fluoroalkyl end group or a functional end         group of formula —(CFW)-D_(q)-T_(k);     -   Q′ is a C₁-C₃ (per)fluoroalkyl end group or a functional end         group of formula —(CFW)-D′_(q)-T′k;     -   W=F, CF₃;     -   k is an integer ranging from 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2;     -   q is an integer equal to 0 or 1;     -   D, D′ is a bridging group;         with the proviso that at least one of Q or Q′ is functional end         group.

Preferably, the molar ratio between functional end groups and non functional end groups is higher than 1.

A′ has preferably a number average molecular weight between 66 and 50,000. More preferably A′ has a number average molecular weight between 300 and 10,000, still more preferably between 500 and 5,000.

Preferably in the polymers of formula (I) the repeating units of A′ comprise one or more units selected from (CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O), optionally comprising (CF(CF₃)O), (CF(CF₃)CF₂O), (CF₂CF(CF₃)O); X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—, —CF₂CF₂— and optionally —CF(CF₃)—.

When the units constituting A′ are linear, for example (CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O), the polymers of formula (I) generally have Q, Q′ both functional, and X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—, —CF₂CF₂—. When the repeating units constituting A′ are instead of branched type (CF(CF₃)O), (CF(CF₃)CF₂O), (CF₂CF(CF₃)O), generally the polymer (I) is monofunctional, what means that only Q or Q′ is functional and X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—, —CF₂CF₂—, —CF(CF₃)—.

When instead the polymer (I) comprises both linear and branched repeating units, the polymer can be monofunctional or bifunctional, i.e. only one of Q, Q′ is functional or both Q, Q′ are functional.

A is preferably selected from the following structures: —(X)_(a)O—[(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)—](X′)_(b)—  (1)

-   -   wherein     -   X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—,         —CF₂CF₂—;     -   a, b are as defined above; m, n, p, q are integers, zero         comprised, such that m/n is between 0.1-10 when n is different         from zero; (p+q)/(n+m+p+q) is between 0 and 0.05, (n+m+p+q)         being different from 0;         —(X)_(a)O—[(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)(CF(CF₃)O)_(u)(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(v)]—(X′)_(b)  (2)     -   wherein     -   X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—,         —CF(CF₃)—, —CF₂CF₂—; and     -   a, b are as defined above;     -   m, n, p, q, u, v are integers, including zero, such that         (p+q)/(v+m) is between 0 and 0.05 when (v+m) is different from         zero; the v/(n+m+u) ratio is lower than 50 when (n+m+u) is         different from zero.

B derives from one or more homopolymerizable olefins by radical route, for example tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), ethylene (E), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, optionally in the presence of non homopolymerizable olefins by radical route as hexafluoropropene (HFP), (per)fluorovinylethers, propylene, etc.

Block B′ derives from one or more homopolymerizable or non homopolymerizable olefins by radical route. The olefins indicated for B can be used for obtaining the block B′. The preferred olefins of B′ are the preferred olefins of B.

B and B′ blocks containing units deriving from perfluorinated olefins are preferred. Examples of these olefins are TFE or TFE and HFP mixture. Other preferred B, B′ blocks are those containing units deriving from at least one homopolymerizable perfluorinated olefin, for example TFE, and at least one non perfluorinated olefin, for example ethylene, VDF. Polymers (I) wherein z′=0 are still more preferred.

The total weight of the blocks B, B′ is generally lower than 70% of the total weight of the polymer (I), preferably lower than 60%, more preferably lower than 40%.

In group B, when the substituents R₁-R₈ contain one or more functional groups they can be, for example OH, CN, OCOR_(a), COX wherein X=OR_(a), OH, NR_(a)′R_(a)″, halogen, wherein R_(a), R_(a)′, R_(a)″ are C₁-C₆ alkyls.

Preferably j is an integer from 1 to 10 and j′ is an integer from 0 to 9, with the proviso that (j+j′) is higher than 2 and lower than 10.

The non functional end groups Q, Q′ are preferably —CF₃, —C₂F₅, —C₃F₇, —CF₂Cl, —C₂F₄Cl.

In the functional end groups the bridging group D, D′ is a bivalent or polyvalent, preferably trivalent, radical. Examples of bivalent D are groups of the linear aliphatic type —(CH₂)_(m′)— wherein m′ is an integer from 1 to 20, optionally containing heteroatoms. Examples of trivalent D can be (alkylen)cycloaliphatic, (alkylen)aromatic groups, optionally containing heteroatoms. D can be a linear or branched polyalkylenoxy chain, in particular containing repeating units of the CH₂CH₂O, CH₂CH(CH₃)O, (CH₂)₃O, (CH₂)₄O type. In D the number of carbon atoms of the cycloaliphatic groups ranges from 3 to 20, preferably from 4 to 6, and that of the aromatic groups from 6 to 20, preferably from 6 a 12; the group D can optionally be formed also by combining among each other the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic groups as defined above. The bridging group D, D′ can contain amide, ester, ether, COO groups, sulphide, imine groups.

D, D′ can be linked to the perfluoromethylene group of the perfluoropolyether chain by carbon bonds or —O—; —CONR—, wherein R has the following meanings: H, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups, C₃-C₁₅ cycloaliphatic or C₅-C₁₅ aromatic groups; —C(O)O—; —COS—; —CO—; heteroatom; or triazine, or heterocyclic aromatic groups having 5 or 6 atoms containing 2 or more heteroatoms, equal to or different from each other.

The groups T_(k), T′_(k) can be for example: —SH, —SR′, —NR′₂, —NH₂, —NHR′, —SiR′_(d)L_(3-d), wherein L is an OR′ group, d is an integer between 0 and 3, —CN, —NCO, —CH═CH₂,

—COR′, —OSO₂CF₃, —OCOCl, —OCN, —N(R′)CN,

—I, —CHO, —CH(OCH₃)₂, —SO₂Cl, —C(OCH₃)═NH, —C(NH₂)═NH, —CH(OH)CH₂OH, —CH(COOH)₂, —CH(COOR′)₂, —CH(CH₂OH)₂, —CH(CH₂NH₂)₂, —CH(CN)₂, —CH(CH₂OCH₂CH═CH₂)₂, —C(OH)₂CF₃, —OH, —CH₂OH; —COY with Y=OH, OR′, CF₃, NH₂, NHR′, NR′R″, halogen; R′, R″ being an alkyl, cycloaliphatic or aromatic group, R′, R″ can optionally contain fluorine; T_(k), T′_(k) can also be an aryl radical formed of one or more aromatic rings, optionally condensed, for example triazine, pyridine, quinoline, benzothiazole, optionally substituted with one or more groups as for example alkyls, nitro; or an heterocyclic radical as for example phosphazene, dioxane.

The following groups are particularly preferred as -D_(q)-T_(k), and -D′_(q)-T′_(k):

—C(O)OR_(c) for example with R_(c)=—C₃H₇—C₄H₉;

—CH₂OH;

—CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)H with n between 1 and 3;

—C(OH)₂CF₃;

—CH₂OCH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂OH;

—CH₂NH₂;

—CH₂NHR′;

—CH₂NR′₂;

—C(O)NH₂;

—C(O)NHR′;

—CH₂—O—Ar, wherein Ar is an aromatic group, optionally substituted, for example with a methylenedioxy group or an heterocyclic group for example of phosphazene, pyridine type, optionally substituted;

—C(O)—NH—C_(n)H_(2n)—Si(OR′)₃ with n between 1 and 6.

The polymers of formula (I) generally comprise also mixtures of molecules containing only one functional end group Q, Q′ (monofunctional), with molecules containing two end groups Q, Q′ both functional (bifunctional). The molar ratios between monofunctional/bifunctional are between 99/1 and 1/99. The average functionality f of the mixture, meant as average number of functional end groups Q, Q′ for molecule, can be determined for example by ¹⁹F-NMR and is in the range between 1 and 2, extremes included.

The polymers of formula (I) show low wear substantially constant even when the molecular weight increases and lower evaporation losses compared with the functionalized fluoropolyethers not containing B, B′ blocks, the molecular weight being equal. See the examples. Therefore the polymers (I) can be used as functionalized lubricants having low wear in combination with low evaporation losses. Further, the lubricants of the invention have longer durability. The latter property is related to the presence of functional group in polymer (I) with respect to perfluoropolyethers not containing functionalized groups.

The alternated block polymers of formula (I) show the typical properties of perfluoropolyethers, as low Tg, but with higher molecular weights due to the presence of B′, B. It has been furthermore unexpectedly and surprisingly observed that the Tg of the polymers (I) is not substantially affected by B, B′.

The Applicant has also surprisingly and unexpectedly found that the polymers of the present invention even having high molecular weights show low wear, generally lower than 1.1 mm even with high molecular weights. See the examples. This is unexpected and surprising since it is known that in polymers, in particular in perfluoropolyether polymers, the wear increases as the molecular weights increase.

The compounds of formula (I) are prepared by starting from compounds of formula (II) Q₁-O-[A-B]_(z)-[A-B′]_(z′)-A-Q₁′  (II) wherein:

-   -   A is as defined above; B, B′, z, z′ are as defined above; Q₁,         Q₁′, equal to or different from each other, are (per)fluoroalkyl         non functional end groups —CF₃, —C₂F₅, —C₃F₇, —CF₂Cl, —C₂F₄Cl or         functional end groups —(CFW)—COY′ wherein Y′=F, CF₃, OH, OCH₃,         OC₂H₅ and W=F, CF₃, with the proviso that at least one of Q₁,         Q₁′ is functional group,         by using, for example, the reactants or the reaction conditions         as described hereinafter. See in particular U.S. Pat. No.         3,810,874, herein incorporated by reference and the reactions of         classic organic chemistry as described, for example, in “Organic         functional group preparations”, S. Sandler and W. Karo, Second         Edition, New York, Academic Press, 1968-72.

Terminal -D_(q)-T_(k) and/or -D′_(q)-T′_(k) Reactant 1 —CONHCH₂—CH═CH₂ H₂NCH₂—CH═CH₂ 2 —CONH(CH₂)₃CO₂H H₂N(CH₂)₃CO₂H 3 —CON(CH₃)CH₂CH₂OH HN(CH₃)CH₂CH₂OH 4 —CONHCH₂CH₂NH₂ H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂ 5 —CONHCH₂CH₂SH H₂NCH₂CH₂SH 6 —CONH(CH₂)₃Si(OCH₃)₃ H₂N(CH₂)₃Si(OCH₃)₃ 7

8

9

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11

12

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14

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16

17

18

(1) H₂NNHCOC(CH)₃═CH₂ (2) Dehydration 19 —CO₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH HOCH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH 20 —CO₂CH₂CH(OH)CH₃

21 —CO₂CH₂CH═CH₂ CH₂═CHCH₂OH 22 —CN (1) NH₃ (2) Dehydration 23

24

Compound 22 + NH₃ 25

26

(1) LiAlH₄ (2) Epibromohydrin 27 —CH₂—O—CH₂CH═CH₂ (1) LiAlH₄ (2) CH₂═CHCH₂Br 28

29 —CH₂OSO₂F (1) LiAlH₄ (2) CF₃SO₂F + (C₂H₅)₃N 30 —CH₂OCN (1) LiAlH₄ (2) NCCl + (C₂H₅)₃N 31

32

Compound 31 + phosgene 33

34

35 —C(NH₂)═NH Compound 22 + NH₃ 36 —CH₂NCO (1) Compound 29 + NH₃ (2) COCl₂ 37 —CH₂NHCH₃ Compound 29 + CH₃NH₂ 38

39

(1) Compound 38 + Hsi(CH₃)₂OCOCH₃ + H₂PtCl₆ 40 —CH₂OCOC(CH₃)═CH₂ (1) LiAlH₄ (2) CH₂═C(CH₃)COCl 41 —CH₂I Compound 29 + NaI 42 —CH₂SH (1) Compound 29 + CH₃COSNa (2) Hydrolysis 43 —CH₃N⁺≡C⁻ (1) Compound 29 + NH₃ (2) HCO₂CH₃ (3) COCl₂ + (C₂H₅)₃N 44 —NCO (1) NaN₂ (2) Heating 45 —COC₆H₅ Cd(C₆H₅)₂ 46 —C(CH₃)₂OH (1) CH₂MgBr (2) H⁺ 47 —CHO LiAlH₄ 48 —C(CH₃)═CH₂ Compound 46 + P₂O₅ 49 —CH₂N(CN)CH₃ Compound 37 + ClCN + (C₂H₅)₃N 50 —I (1) Ag₂O (2) I₂ 51 —CH═CH₂ Compound 47 + CH₂═P(C₆H₅)₃ 52 —C(OCH₃)═NH Compound 22 + CH₂OH + (C₂H₅)₃N 53 —CH₂SO₂Cl Compound 42 + Cl₂ + H₂O 54 —CH(OCH₃)₂ Compound 47 + CH₃OH + acid 55

56

Compound 55 + ClSO₃H 57 —CH₂OH LiAlH₄ 58 —CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)H

59

60

61

62

63

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65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74 —CH₂O—CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂OH

wherein: E=C₁-C₃ alkyl; R′₁=H or C₁-C₃ alkyl; B₁=oxygen or sulphur; R′₂=Cl, Br, H, C₁-C₃ alkoxy;

Preferably, molar ratio between the functional end groups and the non functional end groups in the polymers (II) is higher than 1.

More particularly, the compounds of formula (I) with terminal —CH₂OH can be prepared, for example, by reduction of the corresponding esters with reducing agents, as for example lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride, in aprotic polar solvents by following the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,509. Alternatively they can be prepared by catalytic reduction of the corresponding carboxylic acids with hydrogen, according to patent application US 2004/0230080.

The compounds of formula (I) having more than one end alcoholic functionality can be prepared, for example, by reaction of the end group —CH₂OH with glycidol by following the publication of Tonelli, Gavezzotti, Strepparola, J. Fluorine Chem., 95 (1999)-51-70.

The polymers of formula (I) with —CH₂OH can be used in nucleophilic reactions with haloalkanes or with chlorobenzyl or chloronaphthyl derivatives, for obtaining aromatic terminal ends according to the publication of Tonelli, Gavezzotti, Strepparola, J. Fluorine Chem., 95 (1999)-51-70, and to U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,145 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,795 herein incorporated by reference.

The polymers (II) are prepared starting from peroxidic perfluoropolyethers with a process comprising the following steps:

-   (a) reaction of a peroxidic perfluoropolyether comprising at least     one or more of the following units:     -   (CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF(CF₃)O),         (CF(CF₃)CF₂O), (CF₂CF(CF₃)O), having a peroxidic content (PO)         defined as g of active oxygen (molecular weight=16) in 100 g of         perfluoropolyether peroxide, between 0.1 and 4, preferably         between 0.1 and 3.5, with     -   at least one homopolymerizable olefin by radical route,         optionally in the presence of one or more non homopolymerizable         olefins,     -   at temperatures between 125° C. and 280° C. and at a pressure         between 1 bar and 50 absolute bar,     -   by feeding the olefin until obtaining a reaction mixture having         a predetermined PO, wherein the ratio between the total moles of         the olefin(s) and the moles of peroxidic units (moles of —O—O—         bonds) of the perfluoropolyether ranges between 1 and 100; -   (b) interruption of the olefin feeding and treatment of the polymer     obtained in (a) until removal of the peroxidic content obtaining     polymers of formula (II).

The polymer of formula (II) is obtained through a polymerization process which brings to a polymeric mixture wherein the polymeric chains have different values of j and j′. The average value of (j+j′) of the polymeric mixture can also be a fractional number.

In step (a) optionally more homopolymerizable olefins by radical route can be used.

The ratio between the total moles of the fed olefins and the moles of peroxidic units (moles of —O—O— bonds) contained in the peroxidic perfluoropolyether is preferably between 1 and 50, more preferably between 1 and 25.

The temperature in step (a) is preferably between 180° C. and 230° C. The pressure in step (a) is preferably between 1 and 10 absolute bar.

Step (a) can optionally be carried out in the presence of a fluorinated solvent. The amount of the latter is such as to have a peroxidic perfluoropolyether content between 1% and 50% by weight with respect to the total weight of the solvent plus peroxidic perfluoropolyethers, preferably between 5%-30% by weight. Preferably the solvent solubilizes the peroxidic perfluoropolyether at the reaction temperature of step a) and is not reactive towards the radical species formed in the reaction of step (a), as for example (per)fluoroalkyl or perfluorooxyalkyl radicals. Preferably the solvent is selected from perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluoropolyethers and hydrofluoropolyethers, more preferably perfluoropolyethers, such as Galden®, and hydrofluoropolyethers such as H-Galden®. When a solvent is used in step a) the starting peroxidic perfluoropolyether can have an active oxygen (PO) content even up to 5.

The starting peroxidic perfluoropolyether can only contain units selected from (CF(CF₃)O), (CF(CF₃)CF₂O), (CF₂CF(CF₃)O), (CF₂O). In general the end groups of the peroxidic perfluoropolyether are C₁-C₃ (per)fluoroalkyls, optionally containing one or more chlorine atoms, preferably one Cl atom, or functional end groups as acyl fluorides, fluoroformates and ketones.

The peroxidic perfluoropolyether more preferably is selected from the following classes: Xo-O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(O)_(t)-Xo′  (III)

-   -   wherein     -   Xo and Xo′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂Cl,         —CF₂CF₂Cl, —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₂COF, —COF;     -   r, s and t are integers such that the number average molecular         weight is generally between 400 and 150,000, preferably         500-80,000; r/s is between 0.1 and 10, s being different from         zero; t is an integer such that the PO is in the above defined         range.     -   The peroxidic perfluoropolyethers of formula (III) can be         prepared by tetrafluoroethylene oxypolymerization by following         the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,378, U.S. Pat. No.         4,451,646, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,110, U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,651;         X1-O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF(CF₃)O)_(u)(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(v)(O)_(t)—X1′  (IV)     -   wherein     -   X1 and X1′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂Cl,         —CF₂CF₂Cl, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₃, —C₃F₇, —CF(CF₃)COF, —COF;     -   r, s, t, u, v are integers such that the number average         molecular weight is in the range 500-150,000, preferably         700-80,000; r can also be zero; v/(r+s+u) is lower than 100,         preferably lower than 50, and t is a number such that the PO is         within the above defined range.     -   The peroxidic perfluoropolyethers of formula (IV) can be         prepared by oxypolymerization of the perfluoropropene alone or         in admixture with tetrafluoroethylene and by following the         teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,830 and U.S. Pat. No.         3,593,530;         X2-O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF₂(CF₂)_(w)CF₂O)_(k)(O)_(t)—X2′  (V)     -   wherein     -   X2 and X2′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂COF,         —COF;     -   w=1 or 2;     -   r, s and t, k are integers such that the number average         molecular weight is in the range 700-100,000, preferably         700-80,000; r/s is between 0.2 and 10, k/(r+s) is lower than         0.05; t is an integer such that the PO is as defined above. The         peroxidic perfluoropolyethers of formula (V) can be obtained         according to the teachings of the patent application US         2005/0192413.

The peroxidic perfluoropolyethers can be subjected, before step (a), to a partial reduction of the amount of peroxidic bonds by chemical reduction, preferably with hydrogen in the presence of catalysts, such as Pd, Pt, Ru, by following the teachings reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,646, U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,978, herein incorporated by reference, or by thermal treatment according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,378, herein incorporated by reference. The thermal treatment can be carried out for example at temperatures between 100° C. and 250° C. Alternatively to the thermal treatment a photochemical treatment can be carried out by using UV light, at a temperature between −100° C. and +100° C., optionally in the presence of an inert solvent as for example an halogenated solvent.

In step (a) the ratio used between the olefins and the peroxide units (PO) is a function of the percentage of olefinic units in the final polymer of formula (I). Generally the ratio depends also on the olefin solubility in the reaction mixture, the temperature, the pressure, the olefin reactivity and the presence of other olefins. When very reactive olefins are used, the molar ratios between the olefins and the peroxidic units is preferably lower than 50, more preferably lower than 25. The same takes place when temperature and pressure conditions are such to have a high concentration of olefin in liquid phase.

Step (a) can be carried out under batch-, semibatch- or continuous-conditions.

In the batch process the peroxidic PFPE and the olefins are fed into the reactor before the reaction starts.

In the semibatch process the peroxidic PFPE is fed into the reactor before the reaction starts while the olefin, or the mixture of olefins, is continuously fed during the reaction. Also the inverse process can be used.

In the continuous process the peroxide and the olefins are continuously fed and the reaction mixture is withdrawn from the reactor.

The feeding of the olefin in the continuous or semibatch processes can be carried out with a flow-rate constant or not, with the condition that the ratio between the olefin and the peroxidic units (moles of —O—O— bonds) be in the above range.

When a semibatch or batch is used, it is preferable to carry out the reaction by using a temperature gradient, for example starting from a predetermined temperature, for example 180° C., reaching 230° C. The time to reach the highest temperature of the gradient is generally of 3 to 8 hours.

When more olefins are used in step (a), it is possible to feed them in a sequent way or not. In this case, the polymers of formula (II) contain the blocks B′.

In step (a) the PO is determined according to the method reported below.

Step (a) can be carried out in the presence of UV radiations, having the wavelength preferably between 200 and 350 nm, at temperatures generally between −100° C. and +100° C., preferably −80° C. and +80° C., more preferably between −60° C. and +60° C. In this embodiment the ratio between the olefin moles and the moles of peroxidic units of the peroxide (moles of —O—O— bonds) is preferably between 1 and 75. A solvent transparent to UV radiations is preferably used in this embodiments. Examples of solvents are those listed under step (a), provided that they are transparent at UV radiations. The pressure is preferably lower than 5 absolute bar by using a batch or semibatch process.

Step (b) is carried out to completely remove the peroxidic content of the polymer obtained in step (a). Complete removal of the peroxidic content means that peroxide content is under the analytical limit by using the PO determination method indicated in the characterization in the Examples. Step (b) can be carried out by chemical reduction with a reducing agent until the complete removal of the residual peroxidic content, for example by using a reducing agent as hydrogen, optionally in the presence of catalyst as Pd, Pt, Ru; primary or secondary alcohols as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, simple hydrides as LiH, KH, AlH₃, or complex hydrides as LiAlH₄, NaBH₄, or SO₂, HI, alkaline metal salts at temperatures between −30° C. and 250° C., optionally in the presence of a solvent. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,646 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,978 herein incorporated by reference.

Depending on the chemical reduction process, polymers (II) are obtained with the various end groups. For example the catalytic hydrogenation brings to the formation of —COF end groups; the reduction with SO₂/I in the presence of alcohol allows the formation of ester end groups.

The end groups of the compounds of formula (II) are chosen in view of the terminal group desired for terminal end of formula (I): for example, when polymers of formula (I) have —CH₂OH end groups, it is suitable to use a precursor polymer (II) having ester end groups, preferably —COF end groups and by using the step indicated above.

The step (b) leads to the formation of two functional end groups for each reduced peroxidic bond. Therefore the higher the PO of the product obtained in step (a), the higher the functionality (or average functionality) of the polymer (II). This means that the PO value of the mixture obtained in step (a) determines the functionality f of the polymer (II).

Alternatively step (b) can be carried out by photochemical- or thermal-route. The latter is preferred and is carried out, for example, by heating the mixture obtained in step (a) at temperatures from 200° C. to 280° C., preferably 220-250° C., until the disappearance of the peroxide content. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,378, EP 1,454,938, EP 1,568,730, herein incorporated by reference. When step (b) is carried out by photochemical route in the presence of UV radiations, the temperature of the treatment is between −100° C. and +100° C., as a preferred range.

If as starting peroxide a perfluoropolyether of the class (III) and (IV) is used, it is preferable to carry out step (b) by chemical reduction if a high functionality is desired. The use of peroxidic perfluoropolyethers of class (V) leads to polymers of formula (II) having functionality 2.0 independently of the type of step (b) used.

An optional solvent removal step (b′) can be carried out when a solvent is used in step (a). Step (b′) can be carried out, for example, by distillation under vacuum.

As said, the polymers (I) obtainable from the polymers (II) can be used as lubricants having low wear values.

A further object of the present invention is the use of polymers of formula (I) as lubricants having low wear values, in particular for applications where an homogeneous film is required on surfaces, as preferably metallic, glass, ceramic or polymeric surfaces.

The products of formula (I) of the invention can be used also in admixture with polymers having formula of structure (I) but with both non functional end groups, as for example —CF₃, —C₂F₅, —C₃F₇, —CF₂H, —CF₂CF₂H, —CFHCF₃, —CF₂Cl, —C₂F₄Cl, CH₃, C₂H₅, C₃H₇.

It has furthermore surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that the polymers (I) of the present invention, when used as additives of fluorinated lubricants, to reduce the wear, the friction coefficient and by maintaining the properties for long times. The fluorinated lubricants can be liquid or solid, for example greases.

Furthermore, it has been found surprisingly and unexpectedly that also the precursor of formula (II) having at least one functional end group —(CFW)—COY′, wherein Y′=CF₃, OH, OCH₃, OC₂H₅ and W=F, CF₃, can be used as additives as they reduce the wear and the friction coefficient. These additives can be used in admixture with additives of formula (I).

A further object of the present invention are lubricating compositions comprising the polymers (I) and/or the polymers (II) having at least one functional end group —(CFW)—COY′, wherein Y′=CF₃, OH, OCH₃, OC₂H₅ and W=F, CF₃, and fluorinated lubricants, preferably oils.

Preferably the fluorinated oil is a perfluoropolyether oil containing one or more of the following repeating units: —CFXO—, wherein X is equal to F or CF₃; —CF₂CF₂O—, —(C₃F₆O)—, —CF₂CF₂CF₂O—, —CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O—, said units being statistically distributed along the chain.

The amount of polymers (I) in the composition is between 0.1% and 50% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 30%, more preferably 1%-10%. Mixture of (I) and (II) can also be used.

The perfluoropolyether oils generally have viscosities between 10 and 4,000 cSt at 20° C., preferably between 30 and 2,000 cSt, and are preferably selected from the following classes: E_(a)-O—(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(m′)(CFWO)_(n′)-E_(a)′  (1a)

-   -   wherein     -   W is equal to F or CF₃;     -   Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are selected         from CF₃, C₂F₅ or C₃F₇, one fluorine atom of one or of both the         end groups can be substituted by Cl and/or H;     -   m′ and n′ are integers such that the m′/n′ ratio is between 20         and 1,000, n′ being different from zero; the various units are         statistically distributed along the chain, the product viscosity         being as defined above.     -   These products can be obtained by perfluoropropene         photooxidation, as described in GB 1,104,482, and by successive         conversion of the end groups, as described in GB 1,226,566;         C₃F₇O(CF(CF₃)CF₂O)_(o′)-Da  (2a)     -   wherein     -   Da is equal to —C₂F₅ or —C₃F₇, one fluorine atom of one or of         both the end groups can be substituted by Cl and/or H;     -   o′ is an integer such that the product viscosity is as defined         above.     -   These products can be prepared by ionic oligomerization of the         perfluoropropyleneoxide and subsequent treatment with fluorine,         as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,242,218;         {C₃F₇O—(CF(CF₃)CF₂O)_(p)—CF(CF₃)—}₂  (3a)     -   wherein     -   p′ is an integer such that the product viscosity is as defined         above, one F atom of one or both the C₃F₇ end groups can be         substituted by Cl and/or H.     -   These products can be obtained by ionic telomerization of the         perfluoropropyleneoxide and subsequent photochemical         dimerization, as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 3,214,478;         Ea-O—(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(q′)(C₂F₄O)_(r′)(CFW)_(s′)-Ea′  (4a)     -   wherein     -   W is equal to F or CF₃;     -   Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are as         defined above;     -   q′, r′ and s′ are integers and can also have the value of 0, and         such that the product viscosity is as defined above.     -   These products are obtainable by photooxidation of a mixture of         C₃F₆ and C₂F₄ and subsequent treatment with fluorine, as         described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,041;         Ea-O—(C₂F₄O)_(t′)(CF₂O)_(u′)-Ea′  (5a)     -   wherein     -   Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are as         defined above;     -   t′ and u′ are integers such that the t′/u′ ratio is between 0.1         and 5 and the product viscosity is as defined above.     -   These products are obtained by photooxidation of C₂F₄, as         reported in U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,378, and subsequent treatment         with fluorine, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,041;         Ea-O—(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(v′)-Ea′  (6a)     -   wherein     -   Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are as         defined above;     -   v′ is a number such that the product viscosity is as defined         above.     -   These products are obtained as described in EP 148,482;         Da-O—(CF₂CF₂O)_(z′)-Da′  (7a)     -   wherein     -   Da and Da′, equal to or different from each other, are selected         between C₂F₅ or C₃F₇, one fluorine atom of one or of both the         end groups can be substituted by Cl and/or H;     -   z′ is an integer such that the product viscosity is as defined         above.     -   These products can be obtained as reported in U.S. Pat. No.         4,523,039;         E₁-O(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)-E₂  (8a)     -   wherein     -   E₁ and E₂ are perfluoroalkyl end groups equal to or different         from each other, having formula —(CF₂)_(z)CF₃ wherein z is an         integer from 0 to 3;     -   n, m, p, q are integers equal to or different from each other         comprised between 0 and 100 and selected so that the oil         viscosity is as defined above and such that the m/n ratio is         between 2 and 20; (p+q)/(n+m+p+q) is between 0.05 and 0.2;         n/(n+m+p+q) is between 0.05 and 0.40, (n+m+p+q) being different         from 0. These products can be obtained according to what         described in EP 1,454,938.

Classes (1a), (4a), (5a), (8a) or their mixtures are preferred, classes (5a) and (8a) or their mixtures are more preferred.

The lubricating compositions of the present invention can be in solid form, for example greases, or in liquid form and can be used to treat surfaces of natural or artificial substrata; paper, cotton, wood, stony materials, polymeric materials, metallic or inorganic substrata can be mentioned.

The polymers of formula (I) are applied to the surface preferably by dissolving or dispersing them in (per)fluorinated solvents, for example perfluoropolyethers as Galden® of general formula CF₃O—(CF₂C(CF₃)O)_(m)(CF₂O)_(n)—CF₃, for example Galden HT55 (Bp=about 55° C.); perfluoroalkanes as perfluorooctane, perfluorohexane; hydrofluoroalkanes as C₅H₂F₁₀ (Vertrel); (per)fluorocycloalkanes as cyclo-C₅H₃F₇ (Zeorora-H®); hydrofluoroethers as methoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7100), ethoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7200), 2-trifluoromethyl-3-ethoxydecafluorohexane (HFE-7500); hydrofluoropolyethers, for example H-Galden® of general formula CF₂H—(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂O)_(n)—CF₂H, as H-Galden ZV60 (Bp=about 60° C.), H-Galden ZT130 (Bp=about 130° C.), H-Galden ZT180 (Bp=about 180° C.). When the polymers (I) contain the segments B, B′ deriving from hydrogenated olefinic monomers, also non fluorinated solvents as acetone, dimethylacetamide, can be used.

The concentration of the polymers of formula (I) in the solvents is between 0.1% and 30% by weight, preferably 0.5%-10%, still more preferably 1%-5%. The obtained compositions can be applied on the surfaces to be lubricated for obtaining a lubricating film, preferably homogeneous. The solvent is eliminated from the surface preferably by evaporation. The compositions polymer/solvent are applied by known techniques, as dip-coating, spray-coating, casting, spin-coating, etc. In this way a homogeneous lubricating thin film is obtained. The compositions can be applied also to irregular surfaces, for example microgears, electric contacts, etc.

The polymers of formula (I) and (II) can also be used as macromers in polycondensation or polyaddition reactions for preparing polymers having improved properties at low temperatures, in particular an improved elastic behaviour at low temperatures. In particular in the polycondensation reactions polymers (I), (II) having functionality higher than 1.95, preferably 1.99, more preferably 2, are used.

The following examples illustrate with non limitative purposes the present invention.

EXAMPLES Characterization

NMR

The NMR spectra have been recorded by using a Variant Mercury 200 MHz spectrometer by using CFCl₃ as internal reference for the ¹⁹F-NMR analyses and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as reference for the ¹H-NMR analyses. Hexafluorobenzene is also used as solvent for the sample. The NMR measurement allows to determine the number average length of the olefinic block B, B′, the z, z′ indexes and the number average molecular weight of the compound of formula (I).

Determination Peroxidic Content (PO)

The analysis of the peroxide content has been carried out by iodometric titration, according to the following method. A weighed amount of sample (some grams) is dissolved in about 20 ml of Galden® ZT130. 1 ml of glacial acetic acid and 30 ml of a sodium iodide solution at 5% w/w in isopropylic alcohol are added. The resulting suspension is left under stirring for 15 minutes and the iodine developed from the reaction with the peroxide is titered with an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulphate having a known titre, by using the Mettler® DL 40 device for the potentiometric titration, equipped with platinum electrode and reference electrode. The sensitivity limit for the PO determination is 0.0002.

Calculation of the Functionality f of the Polymer (I)

On the basis of the results of the ¹⁹F-NMR analysis the functionality f is calculated by the following ratio:

$f = {2 \times \frac{{amount}\mspace{14mu}({molar})\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{functional}\mspace{14mu}{end}\mspace{14mu}{groups}}{{amount}\mspace{14mu}({molar})\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{total}\mspace{14mu}{end}\mspace{14mu}{groups}}}$ DSC

The thermal transitions have been determined with the Perkin Elmer® DSC-2C instrument by using the following procedure: cooling from 20° C. to −170° C. at 80° C. min⁻¹ and heating at 20° C. min⁻¹ from −170° C. to 350° C. under nitrogen flow.

Four-Ball Wear Test

For the wear evaluation of the compositions the ASTM D 2266 and D 4172 standards have been followed by using a load of 40 kg_(f) at a test temperature of 75° C. for a duration of one hour.

Loss by Weight at the Evaporation

The test is carried out according to the ASTM 2595 standard for 22 hours at 149° C.

Determination of the Friction Coefficient by SRV

It has been evaluated by means of the SRV equipment by Optimol GmbH under oscillatory conditions and by using as configuration the ball on disc under the following operating conditions:

applied load 100N oscillation amplitude 1 mm oscillation frequency 50 Hz temperature 50° C. test duration 2 hours

The friction coefficient has been evaluated as an average of the values obtained during two hours eliminating the first 200 sec.

Example 1

In a 1 litre glass flask, equipped with sonde for the temperature, mechanical stirring, bubbling inlet for the nitrogen and/or tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) adduction, 600 g of Galden® HT230 and 300 g of a peroxidic perfluoropolyether of formula: X₂—O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF₂(CF₂)_(w)CF₂O)_(k)(O)_(t)—X′₂ are introduced, with r/s=1.20, w=1 or 2, k/(s+r)=0.035 and t/(s+r+k)=0.20, with X₂ and X′₂ equal to —CF₂COF and having number average molecular weight equal to 2.3·10³ and PO=3.2.

The reaction mixture is heated under stirring and under nitrogen flow (2 NI h⁻¹) up to 190° C., temperature at which the nitrogen feeding is closed and that of TFE (10 NI h⁻¹) opens. The mixture is maintained under stirring at 190° C. for 1.5 hours, then brought to 200° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1.5 hours and lastly, increased to 210° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1.0 hour.

The TFE feeding is interrupted, that of nitrogen opens (2 NI h⁻¹) and the reaction mixture is further heated up to 230° C. and for 4 hours.

The ratio between the total TFE moles fed and the moles of peroxidic units is equal to 3.3.

One proceeds then to the distillation under vacuum (10⁻¹ mbar) of the solvent of Galden® HT230 (kier Tmax=240° C.) obtaining 280 g of product of formula (II).

One proceeds then to the conversion of the end groups of the product (II) into ester end groups, as hereinafter described, since the latter groups are easily preparable from the polymers (II) by means of an only esterification step. It is understood that the end groups of the product (II) can be transformed into other functional end groups.

An aliquot of 50 g is then drawn which is dissolved in 200 g of H-Galden® ZT130 and added, dropwise to 200 g of isobutanol cooled with water ice. At the end of the addition it is left under stirring for one hour, then it is heated to the reflux temperature for 2 hours. One proceeds then to the distillation of H-Galden® ZT130 and of the isobutanol in excess, first at atmospheric pressure, then under vacuum (10⁻¹ mbar). 52 g of product having the following structure are recovered: T_(k)-C(O)CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂C(O)-T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂; B=—(CF₂CF₂)_(j)— with j having a number average value equal to 3.8 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 7.9 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— wherein m/n=1.24, p/n=0.013 and q/n=0.022 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.015, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases; z=2.2.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 2.2·10³ and the percentage by weight of blocks B in the polymer of formula (I) is 38%.

Example 2

The Example 1 is repeated by using the following peroxide: X₂—O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF₂(CF₂)_(w)CF₂O)_(k)(O)_(t)—X′₂ with r/s=1.26, w=1 or 2, k/(s+r)=0.035 and t/(s+r+k)=0.064 and with X₂ and X′₂ equal to —CF₂COF, with number average molecular weight equal to 3.1·10⁴ and PO=1.05.

The reaction mixture is heated under stirring and under nitrogen flow (1 NI h⁻¹) up to 190° C., temperature at which the nitrogen feeding is closed and that of TFE (3.3 NI h⁻¹) opens. The mixture is maintained under stirring at 190° C. for 1.5 hours, then brought to 200° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1.5 hours and lastly, increased to 210° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1.0 hours.

The TFE feeding is interrupted, that of nitrogen opens (2 NI h⁻¹) and the reaction mixture is further heated up to 230° C. and for 4 hours.

The ratio between the total TFE moles fed and the moles of peroxidic units is equal to 3.3.

One proceeds then to the distillation under vacuum (10⁻¹ mbar) of the solvent of Galden® HT230 (kier Tmax=240° C.) obtaining 291 g of product.

An aliquot of 50 g is drawn which is dissolved in 200 g of H-Galden® ZT130 and added, dropwise, to 100 g of isobutanol cooled with water ice. At the end of the addition it is left under stirring for one hour, then it is heated to the reflux temperature for 2 hours. One proceeds then to the distillation of H-Galden® ZT130 and of the isobutanol in excess, first at atmospheric pressure, then under vacuum (10⁻¹ mbar). 50 g of product having the following structure are recovered: T_(k)-C(O)CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂C(O)-T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂; B=—(CF₂CF₂)_(j)— with j having a number average value equal to 4.5 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 9.0 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— with m/n=1.25, p/n=0.015 and q/n=0.025 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.017, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases; z=8.1.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 3.0·10⁴ and the percentage by weight of blocks B in the polymer of formula (I) is 12%.

The DSC analysis is carried out which shows a Tg equal to −114° C.

Example 3

In a 500 ml glass flask, equipped with sonde for the temperature, mechanical stirring, bubbling inlet for the gas adduction, 200 g of Galden® HT230 and 100 g of a peroxidic perfluoropolyether of formula: X₂—O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF₂(CF₂)_(w)CF₂O)_(k)(O)_(t)—X_(2′) are introduced, with r/s=1.25, k/(s+r)=0.030, w=1 or 2, t/(s+r+k)=0.17 and wherein X₂ and X_(2′) are —CF₂COF with number average molecular weight equal to 3.0·10³ and PO=2.7.

The reaction mixture is heated under stirring and under nitrogen flow (1 NI h⁻¹) up to 190° C., temperature at which the nitrogen feeding is closed and an equimolar mixture of TFE and ethylene (8 NI h⁻¹) is fed. The mixture is maintained under stirring at 190° C. for 1.5 hours, then brought to 200° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1.5 hours and lastly, increased to 210° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1.0 hours.

The TFE feeding is interrupted and that of nitrogen (2 NI h⁻¹) opens and the temperature is increased up to 230° C. and maintained constant for 4 hours.

The ratio between the total moles of TFE and ethylene fed and the moles of peroxidic units is equal to 9.5.

One proceeds then to the distillation under vacuum (10⁻¹ mbar) of the solvent of Galden® HT230 (kier Tmax=240° C.) obtaining 95 g of product of formula (II).

An aliquot of 50 g is drawn which is dissolved in 250 g of H-Galden® ZT130 and added, dropwise, to 200 g of isobutanol cooled with water ice. At the end of the addition it is left under stirring for one hour, then it is heated to the reflux temperature for 2 hours. One proceeds then to the distillation under vacuum (10⁻¹ mbar) of the isobutanol in excess and of H-Galden® ZT130.51 g of product having the following structure are recovered: T_(k)-C(O)CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂C(O)-T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂; B=—[(CF₂CF₂)_(j)(CH₂CH₂)_(j)]— with j/j′=2.2 and with j+j′ having a number average value equal to 4.2 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 8.4 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— wherein m/n=1.24, p/n=0.013 and q/n=0.022 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.015, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases; z=2.6.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 2.9·10³ and the percentage by weight of blocks B in the polymer of formula (I) is 29%.

Example 4

The example 3 was repeated using a peroxidic perfluoropolyether of formula: X₂—O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF₂(CF₂)_(w)CF₂O)_(k)(O)_(t)—X_(2′) wherein r/s=1.28, k/(s+r)=0.032, w=1 or 2, t/(s+r+k)=0.15 and wherein X₂ and X_(2′) are —CF₂COF, with number average molecular weight equal to 9.2·10³ and PO=2.4.

All the reaction conditions, except for the different peroxidic perfluoropolyether, are maintained constant. The ratio between the total moles of TFE and ethylene fed and the moles of the peroxidic units is equal to 10.7.

The obtained polymer of formula (I) has the following structure: T_(k)-C(O)CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂C(O)-T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂; B=—[(CF₂CF₂)_(j)(CH₂CH₂)_(j′)]— with j/j′=2.1 and with j+j′ having a number average value equal to 4.4 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 8.8 carbon atoms; A=CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)]—(CF₂)_(b)— with m/n=1.27, p/n=0.014 and q/n=0.023 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.016, wherein b=0 when A is linked to the end group CF₂C(O)-T′_(k) while b=1 in all the other cases; z=6.5.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) results equal to 8.9·10³ and the percentage of blocks B in the polymer of formula (I) is 25%.

The DSC analysis is carried out which shows a Tg equal to −113° C.

Example 5 Comparative

100 g of Fluorolink® C having the following structure: HOC(O)CF₂[(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)]—CF₂C(O)OH wherein n/m=1.18, p/n=0.021, q/n=0.029 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.022 and with number average molecular weight equal to 2.0·10³ is fed into a 250 ml flask. Then 300 g of isobutanol and 10 g of HCl at 37% in water are added. The mixture is heated under reflux for 5 hours, then one proceeds to the distillation under atmospheric pressure, to which an evaporation treatment under vacuum to remove the last traces of isobutanol follows. The product has the following structure: XC(O)CF₂O[(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)]CF₂COX′ wherein X, X′ are —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, wherein n/m=1.18, p/n=0.021, q/n=0.029 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.022 and a number average molecular weight equal to 2.1·10³.

Example 6

A polymer (I) having end groups —CH₂OH is prepared by using the following procedure.

In a glass flask, equipped with mechanical stirring and bubble condenser, 120 ml of anhydrous diethyl ether and 1.9 g of lithium aluminum hydride in powder (50 mmoles) are fed.

Then 80 g of a mixture of ethyl ether (50 g) and product obtained in the example 1 (30 g, 14 mmoles) are gradually added.

At the end of the addition the reaction mixture is heated under reflux overnight. Then 20 ml of anhydrous methyl alcohol are added to decompose the hydride in excess, to which the addition of 37 g of an aqueous solution at 36% of sulphuric acid follows.

The separation of the organic phase from the aqueous phase is observed. The latter is extracted 4 times with diethyl ether and the resulting ether fractions are joined with the organic phase and anhydrified on calcium sulphate. By distillation of the ethyl ether from the so obtained organic phase, 25 g of product are obtained, which by NMR analysis results to have the following composition: T_(k)-CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are CH₂OH; B=—(CF₂CF₂)_(j)— with j having a number average value equal to 3.8 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 7.9 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— wherein m/n=1.24, p/n=0.013 and q/n=0.022 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.015, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases, z=2.2.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 2.1·10³ and the percentage by weight of blocks B on the copolymer total is 40%.

Example 7

A polymer of formula (I) is prepared having —CONH(CH₂)₃Si(OC₂H₅)₃ end groups by using the following procedure.

In a 50 ml glass flask 15 g of the product obtained in Example 1 (6.8 mmoles) are introduced to which 3.2 g (13.9 mmoles) of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine are added. The mixture is heated to 40° C. for 4 hours, then the vacuum is progressively applied to remove the isobutanol released from the reaction. At the end of the reaction 15 g of product are obtained having the following formula: T_(k)-CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are —NH(CH₂)₃Si(OC₂H₅)₃; B=—(CF₂CF₂)_(j)— with j having a number average value equal to 3.8 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 7.9 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— wherein m/n=1.24, p/n=0.013 and q/n=0.022 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.015, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases, z=2.2.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 2.5·10³ and the percentage by weight of blocks B on the copolymer total is 34%.

Example 8

A polymer of formula (I) is prepared having end groups

by using the following procedure.

3.0 g of piperonyl alcohol (20 mmoles) are dissolved in 4 ml of CH₂Cl₂ and cooled at −5° C. 2.3 g of thionyl chloride (20 mmoles) are drop by drop added. An evolution of HCl and of SO₂ is observed for a period of about 6 hours.

The mixture is heated to 20° C., then 4 g of NaOH at 50% are added, followed by 11 g of the product obtained in the Example 1 (5.3 mmoles) which are fed for a period of 12 hours under strong stirring.

It is let react for 4 hours, then 15 ml of water are added. A fluorinated phase is separated which is washed twice with water (2.15 ml). Then the fluorinated phase is recovered and anhydrified under vacuum at 80° C.

At the end of the reaction 12 g of product are obtained, having the following formula: T_(k)-CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂T′_(k) wherein Tk and T′k are:

B=—(CF₂CF₂)_(j)— with j having a number average value equal to 3.8 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 7.9 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— wherein m/n=1.24, p/n=0.013 and q/n=0.022 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.015, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases; z=2.2.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 2.5·10³ and the percentage by weight of blocks B on the copolymer total is 34%.

Example 9

A polymer of formula (I) is prepared having end groups —CH₂—OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH by using the following procedure.

21 g of product of Example 6 (10 mmoles) having CH₂OH end groups, 5 ml of t-butanol and 0.22 g of t-BuOK are heated under inert atmosphere to 70° C. After 30 minutes 1.5 g of glycidol are added and the mixture is let react for four hours. After acidification with aqueous HCl, the fluorinated phase is separated, diluted with Galden HT55, washed twice with water and then anhydrified on sodium sulphate. One proceeds then to the distillation of Galden HT55 obtaining 21 g of product having the following composition: T_(k)-CF₂—O[A-B]_(z)-A-CF₂T′_(k) wherein T_(k) and T′_(k) are —CH₂—OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH; B=—(CF₂CF₂)_(j)— with j having number average value equal to 3.8 wherefore the number average length of the segment B is equal to 7.9 carbon atoms; A=-CF₂—O[(CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)](CF₂)_(b)— wherein m/n=1.24, p/n=0.013 and q/n=0.022 and (p+q)/(n+m+p+q)=0.015, wherein b=0 when A is linked to —CF₂C(O)-T′_(k), while b=1 in all the other cases; z=2.2.

The number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is equal to 2.2·10³ and the percentage by weight of blocks B on the copolymer total is 37%.

Application Tests Example 10

On the polymer of Example 3 the wear is measured obtaining a value equal to 0.71 mm.

Example 11

On the polymer of Example 4 the wear is measured obtaining a value equal to 0.78 mm.

Example 12 Comparative

On the product of the Example 5 (comparative) the wear is measured obtaining a value equal to 0.95 mm.

Said wear value results higher than that of the polymer of the Example 3 of the invention having the same molecular weight. Furthermore this wear value (0.95 mm) is also higher than that of the polymer of the example 4 having a much higher molecular weight. This points out that the polymers of the invention, even with high molecular weights, show lower wear values compared with functional PFPEs of the prior art not containing blocks B, B′, the functional end group being equal.

Example 13

On the polymer of formula (I) of the example 2 the wear is measured obtaining a value equal to 0.90 mm.

It is to be noted that said wear value results lower than the wear value of the polymer of the example 5 (comparative), even though the polymer of example 5 has a lower molecular weight of about 15 times.

This result is unexpected since it is known, as said, that in the perfluoropolyethers of the prior art the wear notably increases as the molecular weight raises while in the polymers of the invention said increase is limited.

Example 14

A mixture at 5% by weight of the polymer of formula (I) of the Example 1 in Fomblin® M30 is prepared. The mixture wear is equal to 0.63 mm.

The wear of Fomblin® M30 is measured which is equal to 1.33 mm.

By comparing the two values it is evident the reduction action performed by the polymer of the example 1 (reduction of 53%) on the wear of the perfluoropolyether oil Fomblin® M30.

Example 15 Comparative

The example 14 is repeated by using, instead of the polymer of formula (I) of the example 1, the product obtained in the example 5 (comparative). The mixture wear is equal to 0.80 mm.

By comparing the data with those of the example 10 it is evident that the polymer of the example 1 of the invention leads to a higher lowering of the perfluoropolyether oil Fomblin® M30 wear.

Example 16

On the polymer (I) of the example 1 the test of the weight loss at evaporation is carried out, resulting equal to 21% (after 22 hours at 149° C.).

Example 17 Comparative

The example 16 is repeated but using the polymer of the example 5 (comparative) obtaining a weight loss of 39% (after 22 hours at 149° C.).

By comparing the data of the example 16 with those of the example 17 (comparative) it is evident that, the molecular weight and the type of functional end groups being equal, the polymer of the example 1 of the present invention is characterized by a lower weight loss at evaporation.

Example 18

On the polymer (I) of the example 2 the weight loss test at evaporation is then carried out, resulting lower than 0.01% (after 22 hours at 149° C.).

Example 19

A mixture at 35% by weight of polymer of the example 3 in perfluoropolyether oil Fomblin M30 was prepared. The SRV test was then carried out obtaining a friction coefficient value equal to 0.11.

The test was repeated on the oil as such obtaining a value of 0.14.

The data of the examples show that the polymers of the present invention are capable to lower the friction coefficient of perfluoropolyether oil-based compositions. 

1. Fluoropolyether polymers of formula (I) Q-O-[A-B]_(z)-[A-B′]_(z′)-A-Q′  (I) wherein: A=-(X)_(a)—O-A′-(X′)_(b)— wherein A′ is a perfluoropolyether chain comprising one or more repeating units selected from (CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O); X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—, or —CF₂CF₂— and optionally —CF(CF₃)—; a, b, equal to or different from each other, are 0 or 1; with the proviso that the block A linked to the Q-O— end group has a=1 and the block A linked to the Q′ end group has b=0; B is a block formed of units deriving from one or more olefins, wherein at least one of them is homopolymerizable by radical route, having formula: —[(CR₁R₂—CR₃R₄)_(j)(CR₅R₆—CR₇R₈)_(j′)]—  (Ia) wherein j is an integer from 1 to 30, j′ is an integer from 0 to 29 with the proviso that (j+j′) is higher than 2 and lower than 30; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, equal to or different from each other, are selected from the group consisting of halogen; H; C₁-C₆ (per)haloalkyl, wherein the halogen is F, or Cl; C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally containing heteroatoms; and C₁-C₆ oxy(per)fluoroalkyl; said substituents R₁-R₈ optionally containing one or more functional groups; B′ is a block deriving from one or more olefins and has formula (Ia) but having at least one of the substituents R₁ to R₈ different than in block B, (j+j′) being higher than or equal to 2 and lower than 30; z is an integer higher than or equal to 2; z′ is 0 or an integer; z, z′ are such that the number average molecular weight of the polymer of formula (I) is in the range 500-150,000; Q is a C₁-C₃ (per)fluoroalkyl end group or a functional end group of formula —(CFW)-D_(q)-T_(k); Q′ is a C₁-C₃ (per)fluoroalkyl end group or a functional end group of formula —(CFW)-D′_(q)-T′_(k), W=F, CF₃; k and q are integers, k ranges from 1 to 4, q is an integer equal to 0 or 1; D, D′ is a bridging group; , and the Tk, Tk′ groups are selected from the group consisting of —SH, —SR′, —NR′₂, —NH₂, —NHR′, —SiR′_(d)L_(3-d), wherein L is an OR′ group, d is an integer between 0 and 3, —CN, —NCO, —CH═CH₂,

—COR′, —OSO₂CF₃, —OCOCl, —OCN, —N(R′)CN,

—I, —CHO, —CH(OCH₃)₂, —SO₂Cl, —C(OCH₃)═NH, —C(NH₂)═NH, —CH(OH)CH₂OH, —CH(COOH)₂, —CH(COOR′)₂, —CH(CH₂OH)₂, —CH(CH₂NH₂)₂, —CH(CN)₂, —CH(CH₂OCH₂CH═CH₂)₂, —C(OH)₂CF₃, —OH, —CH₂OH; —COY with Y=OH, OR′, CF₃, NH₂, NHR′, NR′R″, or halogen; -D_(g)-T_(k) and -D′_(g)-T′_(k) are selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OR_(c) with R_(c)=—C₃H₇, or —C₄H₉; —CH₂OH; —CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)H with n between 1 and 3; —C(OH)₂CF₃; CH₂OCH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂OH; —CH₂NH₂; —CH₂NHR′; —CH₂NR′₂; C(O)NH₂; C(O)NHR′; —CH₂—O—Ar wherein Ar is an aromatic group, optionally substituted, or an heterocyclic group, pyridine group, optionally substituted; and —C(O)—NH—C_(n)H_(2n)—Si(OR′)₃ with n between 1 and 6; wherein R′, R″ are an alkyl, cycloaliphatic or aromatic group, R′, R″ optionally containing fluorine; an aryl radical formed of one or more aromatic rings, optionally condensed; and an heterocyclic radical, with the proviso that at least one of Q, Q′ is functional end group.
 2. The polymers according to claim 1, wherein A is selected from the following structures: —(X)_(a)O—[(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)—](X)_(b)—  (1) wherein X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—, or —CF₂CF₂; a, b are as defined above; m, n, p, q are integers, zero comprised, such that m/n is between 0.1 and 10 when n is different from zero; (p+q)/(n+m+p+q) is between 0 and 0.05, (n+m+p+q) being different from 0; or —(X)_(a)O—[(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)(CF(CF₃)O)_(u)(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(v)]—(X′)_(b)  (2) wherein X, X′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂—, —CF(CF₃)—, or —CF₂CF₂—; a and b are as defined above; m, n, p, q, u, v are integers, including zero, such that (p+q)/(v+m) is between 0 and 0.05 when (v+m) is different from zero; v/(n+m+u) is lower than 50 when (n+m+u) is different from zero.
 3. The polymers according to claim 1, wherein block B derives from one or more homopolymerizable olefins by radical route selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), ethylene (E), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate, optionally in the presence of non homopolymerizable olefins by radical route selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropene (HFP), (per)fluorovinylethers, and propylene.
 4. The polymers of formula (I) according to claim 1 obtainable from the polymers of formula (II) Q₁-O-[A-B]_(z)-[A-B′]_(z′)-A-Q₁′  (II) wherein: A is as defined in claim 1; B, B′, z, z′ are as defined in claim 1; Q₁, Q₁′, equal to or different from each other, are non functional —CF₃, —C₂F₅—C₃F₇, CF₂Cl, —C₂F₄Cl (per)fluoroalkyl end groups, or functional —(CFW)—COY′ end groups wherein Y′=F, CF₃, OH, OCH₃, or OC₂H₅, and W is as defined as in claim 1; with the proviso that at least one of Q₁, Q₁′ is functional end group, by reaction with the following reactants wherein the terminals -D_(q)T_(k) (D′_(q)-T′_(k)) are -D_(q)-T_(k), -D′_(q)-T′_(k) Reactant  1 —CONHCH₂—CH═CH₂ H₂NCH₂—CH═CH₂  2 —CONH(CH₂)₃CO₂H H₂N(CH₂)₃CO₂H  3 —CON(CH₃)CH₂CH₂OH HN(CH₃)CH₂CH₂OH  4 —CONHCH₂CH₂NH₂ H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂  5 —CONHCH₂CH₂SH H₂NCH₂CH₂SH  6 —CONH(CH₂)₃Si(OCH₃)₃ H₂N(CH₂)₃Si(OCH₃)₃  7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

(1)

(2) Heating 16

(1)

(2) Heating 17

(1)

(2) Heating 18

(1) H₂NNHCOC(CH)₃═CH₂ 19 —CO₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH HOCH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH 20 —CO₂CH₂CH(OH)CH₃

21 —CO₂CH₂CH═CH₂ CH₂═CHCH₂OH 22 —CN (1) NH₃ (2) Dehydration 23

(1) NH₃ (2) Dehydration (3)

(4) (CH₂═CHCO)₂O 24

Compound 22 + NH₃ 25

(1) LiAlH₄ (2)

26

(1) LiAlH₄ (2) Epibromohydrin 27 —CH₂—O—CH₂CH═CH₂ (1) LiAlH₄ (2) CH₂═CHCH₂Br 28

(1) LiAlH₄ (2)

29 —CH₂OSO₂F (1) LiAlH₄ (2) CF₃SO₂F + (C₂H₅)₃N 30 —CH₂OCN (1) LiAlH₄ (2) NCCl + (C₂H₅)₃N 31

(1)

(2) H₂ 32

Compound 31 + phosgene 33

(1)

(2) Hydrolysis (3) Acetic Anhydride 34

(1)

(2) ClCN + triethylamine 35 —C(NH₂)═NH Compound 22 + NH₃ 36 —CH₂NCO (1) Compound 29 + NH₃ (2) COCl₂ 37 —CH₂NHCH₃ Compound 29 + CH₃NH₂ 38

(1) Compound 29 + NH₃ (2)

39

(1) Compound 38 + Hsi(CH₃)₂OCOCH₃ + H₂PtCl₆ 40 —CH₂OCOC(CH₃)═CH₂ (1) LiAlH₄ (2) CH₂═C(CH₃)COCl 41 —CH₂I Compound 29 + NaI 42 —CH₂SH (1) Compound 29 + CH₃COSNa (2) Hydrolysis 43 —CH₃N⁺≡C^(—) (1) Compound 29 + NH₃ (2) HCO₂CH₃ (3) COCl₂ + (C₂H₅)₃N 44 —NCO (1) NaN₂ (2) Heating 45 —COC₆H₅ Cd(C₆H₅)₂ 46 —C(CH₃)₂OH (1) CH₂MgBr (2) H⁺ 47 —CHO LiAlH₄ 48 —C(CH₃)═CH₂ Compound 46 + P₂O₅ 49 —CH₂N(CN)CH₃ Compound 37 + ClCN + (C₂H₅)₃N 50 —I (1) Ag₂O (2) I₂ 51 —CH═CH₂ Compound 47 + CH₂═P(C₆H₅)₃ 52 —C(OCH₃)═NH Compound 22 + CH₂OH + (C₂H₅)₃N 53 —CH₂SO₂Cl Compound 42 + Cl₂ + H₂O 54 —CH(OCH₃)₂ Compound 47 + CH₃OH + acid 55

56

Compound 55 + ClSO₃H 57 —CH₂OH LiAlH₄ 58 —CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)H

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74 —CH₂O—CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂OH

wherein: E=C₁-C₃ alkyl; R′₁=H or C₁-C₃ alkyl; B₁=oxygen or sulphur; R′₂=Cl, Br, H, C₁-C₃ alkoxy.
 5. A process for preparing the polymers (II) of claim 4 comprising the following steps: (a) reaction of a peroxidic perfluoropolyether comprising at least one or more of the following units: (CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF(CF₃)O), (CF(CF₃)CF₂O), or (CF₂CF(CF₃)O), having a peroxidic content (PO) between 0.1 and 4, with at least one homopolymerizable olefin by radical route, optionally in the presence of one or more non homopolymerizable olefins by radical route, at temperatures between 125° C. and 280° C. and at a pressure between 1 bar and 50 absolute bar, by feeding the olefin until obtaining a reaction mixture having a predetermined PO, wherein the ratio between the total moles of the olefin and the moles of peroxidic units (moles of —O—O— bonds) of the perfluoropolyether is between 1 and 100; (b) interruption of the olefin feeding and treatment of the polymer obtained in (a) until removal of the peroxidic content PO obtaining polymers of formula (II).
 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the peroxidic perfluoropolyether is selected from the group consisting of: Xo-O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(O)_(t)-Xo′  (III) wherein Xo and Xo′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂Cl, —CF₂CF₂Cl, —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₂COF, or —COF; r, s and t are integers such that the number average molecular weight is generally in the range 400-150,000; r/s is between 0.1 and 10, s being different from zero; t is an integer such that the PO is in the above defined range; X1-O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF(CF₃)O)_(u)(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(v)(O)_(t)—X1′  (IV) wherein X1 and X1′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂Cl, —CF₂CF₂Cl, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₃, —C₃F₇, —CF(CF₃)COF, or —COF; r, s, t, u, v are integers such that the number average molecular weight is in the range 500-150,000; r being optionally zero; v/(r+s+u) is lower than 100, t is a number such that the PO is in the above defined range; and X2-O(CF₂CF₂O)_(r)(CF₂O)_(s)(CF₂(CF₂)_(w)CF₂O)_(k)(O)_(t)—X2′  (V) wherein X2 and X2′, equal to or different from each other, are —CF₂COF, or —COF; w=1 or 2; r, s, t and k are integers such that the number average molecular weight is in the range 700-100,000; r/s is between 0.2 and 10, k/(r+s) is lower than 0.05 and t is an integer such that the PO is as defined above.
 7. A method of lubricating a surface, comprising applying the polymers of formula (I) of claim 1 to the surface.
 8. A method of improving wear of liquid or solid fluorinated lubricants, comprising adding the polymers of formula (I) of claim 1 to liquid or solid fluorinated lubricants, wherein the amount of polymers of formula (I) added is in the range 0.1%-50% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricant.
 9. Lubricating compositions comprising a fluorinated oil and an additive selected from the group consisting of the polymers (I) as defined in claim 1 and the polymers (II) as defined in claim 8, wherein the fluorinated oil is a perfluoropolyether oil containing one or more of the following repeating units: —CFXO— wherein X is equal to F or CF₃; —CF₂CF₂O—, —(C₃F₆O)—, —CF₂CF₂CF₂O—, or —CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O—, said units being statistically distributed along the chain.
 10. The compositions according to claim 9, wherein the perfluoropolyether oil is selected from the group consisting of: E_(a)-O—(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(m′)(CFWO)_(n′)-E_(a)′  (1a) wherein W is equal to F or CF₃; Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are selected from CF₃, C₂F₅ or C₃F₇, one fluorine atom of one or of both the end groups being optionally substituted by Cl and/or H; m′ and n′ are integers such that the m′/n′ ratio is between 20 and 1,000, n′ being different from zero; the various units are statistically distributed along the chain, the product viscosity being as defined above; C₃F₇O(CF(CF₃)CF₂O)_(o′)-Da  (2a) wherein Da is equal to —C₂F₅ or —C₃F₇, one fluorine atom of one or of both the end groups being optionally substituted by Cl and/or H; o′ is an integer such that the product viscosity is as defined above; {C₃F₇O—(CF(CF₃)CF₂O)_(p′)—CF(CF₃)—}₂  (3a) wherein p′ is an integer such that the product viscosity is as defined above, one F atom of one or of both the end groups C₃F₇ being optionally substituted by Cl and/or H; Ea-O—(CF₂CF(CF₃)O)_(q′)(C₂F₄O)_(r′)(CFW)_(s′)-Ea′  (4a) wherein W is equal to F or CF₃; Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are as defined above; q′, r′ and s′ are integers and optionally having the value of 0, and such that the product viscosity is as defined above; Ea-O—(C₂F₄O)_(t′)(CF₂O)_(u′)-Ea′  (5a) wherein Ea and Ea', equal to or different from each other, are as defined above; t′ and u′ are integers such that the t′/u′ ratio is between 0.1 and 5 and the product viscosity is as defined above; Ea-O—(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(v′)-Ea′  (6a) wherein Ea and Ea′, equal to or different from each other, are as defined above; v′ is a number such that the product viscosity is as defined above; Da-O—(CF₂CF₂O)_(z′)-Da′  (7a) wherein Da and Da′, equal to or different from each other, are selected from C₂F₅ or C₃F₇, one fluorine atom of one or of both the end groups being optionally substituted by Cl and/or H; z′ is an integer such that the product viscosity is as defined above; and E₁-O(CF₂O)_(n)(CF₂CF₂O)_(m)(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(p)(CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂O)_(q)E₂  (8a) wherein E₁ and E₂ are perfluoroalkyl end groups equal to or different from each other, having formula —(CF₂)_(z)CF₃ wherein z is an integer from 0 to 3; n, m, p, q are integers equal to or different from each other between 0 and 100 and selected so that the oil viscosity is as defined above and such that the m/n ratio is between 2 and 20; (p+q)/(n+m+p+q) is between 0.05 and 0.2; n/(n+m+p+q) is between 0.05 and 0.40, (n+m+p+q) being different from
 0. 11. A method of preparing polymers, comprising utilizing the polymers of formula (I) according to claim 1 as macromers in polycondensation or polyaddition reactions. 